TEST 1 WORLD SOCIETIES Example For Students

TEST 1 WORLD SOCIETIES What was the main usefulness of the lateen sail? It maximized use of monsoon trade winds. The magnetic needle compass was so important because it allowed navigators to: sail under cloudy skies on the open seas. What led to the growth of Melaka as a cosmopolitan entrepà ´t? Its strategic location between the Indian Ocean and South China Sea Which of the following is a reason for the success of Islamic trading firms in the Mediterranean? They benefitted from a legal system that promoted a favorable business environment. Which of the following accurately describes commerce in Song ports? State officials registered, examined, and taxed cargo on ships. Which of the following accurately reflects slavery in Islamic society between 1000 and 1300 CE? Slaves served as seafarers, soldiers, domestics, and plantation workers Which of the following reflects the attitude exhibited by Muslim rulers toward Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians, as long as they accepted Islams political rule? Non-Muslims were free to choose their own religious leaders and settle internal disputes. In the Islamic world circa 1300 CE, which of the following provided unity? The Sufi movement offered a unifying force within Islam, despite disapproval from the clerics. Which of the following shows the impact of Ibn Rushds work outside of the Muslim world? He wrote the Shah Nama, which influenced Chinese literature. Which of the following contributed to the Sufis success in spreading Islam to common people? Living in communal brotherhoods and the emotional accessibility of their mystical practices Which of the following explains the success enjoyed by Turkish warlords in conquering sections of South Asia? They introduced their own culture while accepting local practices such as the varna system. Which of the following was the most successful Islamic state in India during the thirteenth century? The Delhi Sultanate Which of the following exemplifies the cultural diversity and blending that took place in the Delhi Sultanate? Multiple languages flourished, including Turkic, Persian, and many local Indian languges. Turkic rulers in India hastened the absorption of Buddhism into Hinduism by which of the following actions? Depriving Buddhism of local spiritual leaders by destroying large monasteries The Song dynasty was unable to completely secure its reign because: the Song were unable to contain the northern nomadic tribes Which of the following made Song iron production in the eleventh century equal to that of Europe in the eighteenth century? Using piston-driven bellows Which of the following was an effect of the Song economys rapid expansion? The supply of metal currency could not meet the demand for it, leading to the creation of paper money. How did Some Emperors lessen the power of the hereditary aristocracy? They increased the number and power of scholar officials in the government bureaucracy. Which one of the following accurately characterizes the Song dynastys power? The Song were relatively weak militarily, despite some of their technological advantages. Between 1000 and 1300, which of the following accurately describes Japans leaders outside of Heian? They began to distance themselves from Chinese influence concerning political and social authority. By the early 1300s, which of the following new social groups supported regional nobles in their competition for political and cultural power with the emperor in Heian? Ambitious samurai What led to a fusion of religious and cultural influences in Southeast Asia? The Malay Peninsula was home to many entrepà ´ts for a variety of merchants shuttling between India and China. What helped crystallize Chinese cultural identity during the Song dynasty? A print culture established classical Chinese as the common language among educated classes in East Asia. Which of the following was the most important political and social change after the Carolingian Empire collapsed? The class of knights subjugated previously free peasants, leading to serfdom in much of western Europe. Why did the rulers of Kievan Russia reject western European religious and political models? Orthodox Christianity spread to Kiev from Constantinople, and Russian trade ties were to the south and east. In what ways was Christian Europe changing during the period from 1000 to 1300 CE? New religious orders and universities arose, and the number of parish churches increased. Which of the following accurately describes Francis of Assisi and his followers? They preached that European believers should weep, confess their sins to their local priest, and strive to become better Christians. Which of the following accurately reflects the thought of Thomas Aquinas? He attempted to prove that Christianity was the only religion that fully met the aspirations of all rational human beings. Which of the following best summarizes the effect of the Crusades on the Southwest Asia? Muslim feelings hardened against the Franks and the millions of Christians who had previously lived peacefully in Egypt and Syria. Which of the following is one of the elements vital to the creation of Europes Christian identity? The emergence of universities and a class of intellectuals associated with them Why were the Spanish conquest of Toledo and the expulsion of Muslim forces from Sicily said to be more important than the Crusades? These campaigns marked turning points in relations between Christian and Muslim power in the Mediterranean. What was the predominant form of social organization in the tropical rain forests of western and central Africa? Small-scale farming societies led by local councils What allowed the Mande-speaking peoples to become the primary agents for social and economic integration within West Africa? Their political organization and expertise in commerce What was an effect of Mansa Musas hajj on the Muslim world? It demonstrated that West Africa was no longer on the isolated periphery of Muslim lands. Which of the following describes the importance of Timbuktu in the fourteenth century? It was a commercial center in West Africa that was an intellectual center for Muslim scholars. Which of the following were the most valued commodities shipped from the East African coast? Slaves and gold Which of the following is an accurate description of the Chimà º Empires growth in South America? It expanded across numerous ecological zones from pastoral highlands to fishing grounds on the Pacific Coast. Which of the following is a similarity between the Chimà º and the Han and Sui Empires? The bureaucracy oversaw the construction and maintenance of irrigation canals. Which of the following accurately describes the Toltecs of Mesoamerica? They rose to power rapidly because they filled the void left by the decline of the city of Teotihuacà ¡n. Which of the following is a similarity between Chan Chan, Tula, and Cahokia? All three were the hubs of major regional trading networks. Which of the following correctly characterizes the Cahokians? The Cahokians built, without draft animals or the use of the wheel, large earthen mounds for use in religious ceremonies. Which of the following constitutes a reason for the beginning of the Mongol invasions under Chinggis Khan? The need to find new grazing land for their herds, which were growing too quickly for available resources What was one of the reasons for the Mongols success in conquering and governing extensive realms? They incorporated some of the ways and technology of conquered people. In contrast to Kublai Khans actions when he captured Hangzhou, what were Hulagus actions after he captured Baghdad? He permitted his troops to savagely slaughter the citys population. What environmental change is credited with forcing pastoral peoples and plague-bearing rodents into closer contact with settled agricultural villages? Drought in the central Asian steppe borderlands South Asia was less severely affected by the Black Death than were settlements along the Silk Road and Mediterranean Sea because: South Asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest and were not directly linked to Mongol-controlled trade routes. Which of the following is the best description of the economic impact of the Black Death on Afro-Eurasia? The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest. Populations in both China and Western Europe succumbed to the plague in large numbers because both had: suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened the populations. In order to reestablish political order following the crises of the fourteenth century, many dynastic rulers: fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy, such as stating that their power had a divine source. Which of the following statements best explains the impact of the Black Death on the influence of the Christian church in Western Europe? The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church. Which of the following was the most important factor in the rise of the Ottoman Empire? Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region The Ottoman Empire conquered and absorbed much of what Christian power? The Byzantine Empire To consolidate rule over their conquered empire, the Ottoman sultans: adopted Byzantine administrative practices while maintaining devotion to Islam. Seeing themselves as the shadow of God on earth, Ottoman sultans: funded construction of elaborate mosques. Which of the following statements best describes the Ottoman rulers stance toward regional differences within their territory? They were flexible and tolerant. The janissaries: maintained steadfast loyalty to the sultan and limited the autonomy of provincial rulers What was the Western European Christian churchs response to challenges to its authority following the plague? The church demanded strict obedience and persecuted those who questioned its doctrines. In the fourteenth century, political stabilization in southern Europe was aided by: economic growth through sea trade with southwest Asia. Throughout the fourteenth century, Portuguese Christian rulers attempted to consolidate power by: devoting themselves to fighting the Moors. The Portuguese monarchs successfully consolidated their political power by: granting Atlantic islands to nobles as lucrative hereditary possessions, ensuring the political loyalty of noble families and merchants. In Spain, a strong dynasty was created primarily through: marriage. Which of the following was a major milestone in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain? The last Muslim stronghold in Spain—Granada—fell to Christian forces. In the late fifteenth century, Ferdinand and Isabella reacted to the Ottoman expansion by: using the Inquisition to create a more homogeneous state. Why did Europeans turn for inspiration to the art and learning of classical Greece and Rome as they rebuilt society after the devastation of the plague? Renaissance humanism provided more scope for secular individuals to act in an expanding world. Identify the primary reason that Renaissance culture spread throughout Europe by the late sixteenth century: economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders. Which of the following was a major consequence of the Renaissance? A network of independent, educated people who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church. In The Prince, Niccolà ² Machiavelli argued that: the prince should rule based on the principles of modern statecraft instead of moral or religious The group that eventually drove the Mongols out of China was known as: . the Red Turbans. Which of the following statements best describes the early Ming dynasty? It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after Mongol rule and plague. To project imperial power and grandeur, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty: constructed the Forbidden City. Ming rulers strengthened their role in traditional rites and ceremonies to: show that the gods favored the Ming. Emperor Hongwu, because he distrusted state bureaucrats and wished to be seen as the guardian of his subjects, entrusted management of the rural regions to local leaders. Ming officials, in contrast to rulers in Portugal and Spain, viewed maritime expansion as: a potential source of disorder and instability. In what way was the effect of the Forbidden City on the populace similar to that of Topkapi palace? Both projected a sense of awe and power. The main goal of Zheng Hes voyages was to: reestablish trade and collect tribute. As a result of the Ming dynastys abandoning support for oceanic exploration: Chinese maritime power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia. Which of the following did the rulers of Ming China, the Ottoman Empire, and Western Europe use to unify their expanded territories? Artists and architects, who projected the rulers grandeur and power Which of the following was a major difference between the rulers of Spain and Portugal and the Ottomans? The Spanish and Portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories. . Following the crises of the fourteenth century, which of the following was the most resistant to change? Religious and cultural systems Which of the following factors led to Chinas economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? Thriving and elaborate internal trade networks Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia? They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean. Why was Chinas demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets. After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China? The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas. What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland? Officials established caravan series for travelers refreshment and protection. What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century? Golds value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals. Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts? The caravel was a method of finding longitude, which allowed Portuguese mariners to locate themselves out of sight of land. From where did the Europeans get the model of sugar cane production used in their American colonies? West Africa What was Portugals primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade? To take over the trade or tax local merchants Which of the following best explains why the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean sea lanes in the early sixteenth century? The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships. Which of the following accurately describes Columbuss first impression of the Taino people? He believed that they were childlike primitives. Which of the following are reasons that Taino peoples were initially repulsed by Europeans? Europeans hairiness and bad manners What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda? The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos. Which of the following was essential to the Aztec states legitimacy? Kinship and clan networks In the early sixteenth century, which of the following contributed to the Aztecs constant warfare? The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives. Which of the following was the determinative factor in the Spaniards conquest of the Aztecs? Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites. Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires? Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish. The establishment of colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth century provided Europeans with which of the following advantages in global trade? European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas. The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following? Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa. What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century? 90 percent Which of the following characterized Spanish tributary empires? The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants. Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century? Mesoamerica and the Andes What was Europes main contribution to the Atlantic system? Military technology What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean? Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations. Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations? Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions. Which of the following sparked Martin Luthers challenge to the Catholic Church? Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences. Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin? The belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the scriptures The Protestant Reformation encouraged the growth of nationalism in Europe by encouraging people to: identify their religion with their local state and language. In the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways? The Church sought to reform clerical corruption. What circumstance permitted the English and Dutch to expand their trade in Asia and the Americas? They took advantage of Spains bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars. Which of the following was a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in Europe between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries? Some Protestants requested support from the Ottoman Turks, asking them to attack the eastern sections of the Holy Roman Empire. In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs? Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity. During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce? They used the resources to glorify their courts architecture and art. Which of the following accurately describes a change in Chinas economy during the Ming dynasty? Silver money replaced barter in Chinas internal markets. In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence? As wives or concubines in the Forbidden City What was a similarity between the Ming and the Mughal dynasties? Both were able to limit European traders to port cities. Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macao? The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China. In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit? Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe. What advantage was provided by the English East India Companys royal charter? It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England. During the sixteenth century, what impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties? The European presence enhanced Asian rulers wealth and might.

Free Essays on Chaucers Canterbury Tales

and an Anglo-Saxon grit in their middles. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales was banned for decades from the U.S. mails under the Comstock Law of 1873. Officially known as the Federal Anti-Obscenity Act, this law banned the mailing of "lewd", "indecent", "filthy", or "obscene" materials. The Comstock Law, passed in the United States in 1873, was part of a campaign for legislating public morality in the United States. As its full title above implies, ... Free Essays on Chaucer's Canterbury Tales Free Essays on Chaucer's Canterbury Tales The book that I choose to do that was banned was Chaucer’s, Canterbury Tales. Chaucer’s, the Canterbury Tales (written in the late 1380s), is a collection of stories of various kinds derived mainly from Italian and other European sources drawn together by the notion of a pilgrimage. In the Middle Ages it was not uncommon for people of different social classes to join together as pilgrims as they would not elsewhere in life. So we hear firstly the narrator’s description of most of the group in a satirical and often extremely amusing manner, in the General Prologue. Secondly we hear pilgrims tell stories to each other in an appropriate style for their characters after they have offered their own unique prologues (the Wife of Bath’s is particularly interesting and shows an almost proto-feminist attitude). Usually the tales are popular or well known stories to which Chaucer adds or removes details to suit his purpose. There is a great mixture of serious and co mical, sacred and profane here though it should be noted that the writer added a retraction at the end of his (in fact incomplete) Tales to reduce the chance of vengeance from God. This seems wise after the images of hot pokers going where hot pokers should certainly not go and other lewdness in "The Miller’s Tale" and elsewhere. The language is very different to our own in the sense that it has more French roots that English has now lost so it is advisable to think of the lines as being spoken with a French accent at the end of words and an Anglo-Saxon grit in their middles. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales was banned for decades from the U.S. mails under the Comstock Law of 1873. Officially known as the Federal Anti-Obscenity Act, this law banned the mailing of "lewd", "indecent", "filthy", or "obscene" materials. The Comstock Law, passed in the United States in 1873, was part of a campaign for legislating public morality in the United States. As its full title above implies, ...

Reporting on Meetings and Conferences in Journalism

Reporting on Meetings and Conferences in Journalism So you’re writing a news story that covers a meeting- maybe a  school board hearing or town hall- for the first time, and aren’t sure where to start as far as the reporting is concerned. Here are some tips to make the process easier.​ Get the Agenda Get a copy of the meeting’s agenda ahead of time. You can usually do this by calling or visiting your local town hall or school board office, or by checking their website. Knowing what they plan to discuss is always better than walking into the meeting cold.​ Pre-Meeting Reporting Once you’ve got the agenda, do a little reporting even before the meeting. Find out about the issues they plan to discuss. You can check the website of your local paper to see if they’ve written about any of the issues coming up, or even call members of the council or board and interview them.​ Find Your Focus Pick a few key issues on the agenda that you will focus on. Look for the issues that are the most newsworthy, controversial or interesting. If you’re not sure what’s newsworthy, ask yourself: which of the issues on the agenda will affect the most people in the community? Chances are, the more people affected by an issue, the more newsworthy it is. For example, if the school board is about to raise property taxes 3 percent, that’s an issue that will affect every homeowner in your town. Newsworthy? Absolutely. Likewise, is the board is debating whether to ban some books from school libraries after being pressured by religious groups, that’s bound to be controversial and newsworthy. On the other hand, if the town council is voting on whether to raise the town clerk’s salary by $2,000, is that newsworthy? Probably not, unless the town’s budget has been slashed so much that pay raises for town officials have become controversial. The only person really affected here is the town clerk, so your readership for that item would probably be an audience of one.​ Report, Report, Report Once the meeting’s underway, be absolutely thorough in your reporting. Obviously, you need to take good notes during the meeting, but that’s not enough. When the meeting has ended, your reporting has just begun. Interview members of the council or board after the meeting for any additional quotes or information you might need, and if the meeting involved soliciting comments from local residents, interview some of them as well. If an issue of some controversy came up, be sure to interview people on both sides of the fence as far as that issue is concerned.​ Get Phone Numbers Get phone numbers and email addresses- and, depending on your style guide, home towns and ages- for everyone you interview. Virtually every reporter who’s ever covered a meeting has had the experience of getting back to the office to write, only to discover there’s another question they need to ask. Having those numbers on hand is invaluable.​ Understand What Happened Remember, to produce solid meeting stories, never leave a meeting without understanding exactly what happened. The goal of your reporting is to understand what exactly happened at the meeting. Too often, beginner reporters will cover a town hall hearing or school board meeting, dutifully taking notes throughout. But in the end, they leave the building without really understanding what they’ve just seen. When they try to write a story, they can’t. You can’t write about something you don’t understand.

Computer Software Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Computer Software Taxation - Essay Example As a preliminary matter, it must be noted that attempts to tax computer software have long been particularly troublesome. How a taxing authority decides to classify sales transactions involving computer software determines whether it will be subjected to sales/use tax or treated as exempt. It is here that, in attempting to classify computer software, a number of state authorities and judicial bodies have struggled to forge a uniform approach. Uniformity and consistency, to be certain, have proven elusive ideals. This essay will examine the sales/use tax implications for transfers of computer software, particularly to the electronic delivery of computer software, in an effort to demonstrate how more consistency and uniformity might be brought to the issue. In order to understand how electronic delivery has become an interesting issue, however, it is first important to understand how and why the electronic delivery of computer software has become a viable option for avoiding the imposition of sales tax in some jurisdictions. States began to implement sales/use tax schemes beginning in the 1930s in an effort to raise revenues (Morse, 1997). These taxes were levied on retail sales made within the states, they developed into a primary source of revenue for the states, and the mobility of the internet and computer software has since then made many states quite eager to apply their sales taxes to this burgeoning area of commerce. A sales tax is designed to impose an excise tax for retail transactions within a state whereas the use tax is designed to impose an excise tax for goods purchased outside of a state but subsequently used or maintained within the state. The taxes in this way are complementary. That states became extraordinarily interested in imposing sales taxes on an emerging industry is hardly surprising. What is surprising, on the other hand, is the tremendous conflict generated by attempts to tax transactions involving computer software. Legislation and regulations were rushed through; frequent m odifications were required because the implications of certain policies, both legally and economically, were not well-considered in advance. In many respects, the relationship between sales taxes and sales of computer software has been messy at best, and nearly incomprehensible at times. In Ohio, a sales tax was enacted in 1934. As noted by a leading tax practitioner, When Ohio sales tax was first imposed, and for many years thereafter, the taxes applied to all sales of tangible personal property unless otherwise exempt. This prompted many disputes over the nature of the transaction: tangible personal property, real property or a service. The latter two were not listed as potentially taxable sales. Historically, the exclusion from personal, professional and insurance services has been provided in R.C. 5739.01(B) (last para.). Judicial tests developed to help taxpayers make meaningful distinctions among the various types of transactions (tangible personal property vs. real property vs. services) for sales tax purposes (Ehler, 2007: 1). Nearly every state,

Individual Differences (psychology) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual Differences (psychology) - Essay Example It is fair to say that the Renaissance was a crucial period in the advancement of robust theories pertaining to individual differences among humans. At the outset, it is important to note that human behaviour and personality is much more difficult to understand than that of animals. And more than any other species, human behaviour is subject to interpretation and conjecture, not always leading to easy inferences. Studying individual differences is further thwarted by the fact that human behaviour is an emergent reality and not a fixed one. As our species is provided with an ever increasing repository of knowledge, its behaviour too simultaneously evolves to fit the new reality. Hence, Wilsons following observation is pivotal to understanding differences among humans: â€Å"Today, the greatest divide within humanity is not between races, or religions, or even, as widely believed between literate and illiterate. It is the chasm that separates scientific from pre-scientific cultures....Without the instruments and accumulated knowledge of the natural sciences--physics, chemistry, and biology--humans are trapped in a cognitive prison. They invent ingenious speculations and myths about the origin of the confining waters, of the sun and the sky and the stars above, and the meaning of their own existence. But they are wrong, always wrong, because the world is too remote from ordinary experience to be merely imagined." (Lubinski, 2000) A proven theoretical framework of analysing individual differences is the one based on evolutionary biology. Within this broad framework is the specialized study of human infant intelligence. Since the nature of early intelligence is nonverbal, it is closely linked to primate evolution, and hence helps us gain insights into the origins of individual differences in human intelligence. Within the ontogeny of infant intelligence, variation between individuals is restricted by

Keeping kosher in a contemporary world Essay Example for Free

Keeping kosher in a contemporary world Essay Every religion found under the face of the earth where human beings live has its practical dimension. This is allowed because this practical dimension of a religion majority defines this religion, providing a bit of uniqueness hence distinguishing this religion from others. One of the aspects found in the practical dimension is the diet. Some religious like Judaism have dietary laws that govern consumption of nutrients of human that happen to be embraces of the religion. Kosher if viewed as a dietary practice of the Judaism religion, this is the proper choices and preparation of foods as pertains to the ancient Jewish ritual and dietary regulations. Kosher is food that is conformed to strictly-stated Jewish biblical laws which involve not only to the variety of food consumed but to the types of food that combinable at a single meal (e. g. daily and meat products re not miscible) alternatively, it would be rightly noted that Kesher is food that would be considered fit for consumption as pertains to the biblical and rabbinic dietary regulations which are electively known as Kashnet (Shternshis, Anna, 2006). Kosher has its origin traced back during exodus of the Jews from Egypt after 400 years of slavery. Kosher, a basic content requirement in traced bank during exodus of the Jews from Egypt after 400 years of slavery. Kosher, a basic content requirement in kashnut is among the laws derived from the torah books of Deuteronomy and Leviticus with their details given in the oral law. The reason for adoption of such a king of regulation s not clearly stated in the torah and therefore there are various reasons sourced from different perspectives. These perspectives range from ritualistic and philosophical to practical and hygienic. Religions like Islam also have different but related systems like herbal. Kosher food, having firm principles and requirements depicting the value and worth of being properly preserved to be passed even form one generation to the other, has great attraction to many people. Whether a conservative Jew or a reformed Jew there is an utter need and essence to main kosher as a dietary precise. It should be strictly adhered to on the basis that it’s a mater of religious obligation though modernly, this is no longer binding. The contemporary Jews have portrayed a different way of observance to dietary practices as pertains to keshnut. However, these contemporary folds of Jews maintain and follow some sections of the laws. Some subset of laws maintained by this folk are: abstinence from pork/shellfish, avoiding taking milk with meat as a dish. Likewise many observe some bit of kashnut on kosher at have whole no objections taking meals in a restaurant that does not observe kosher values. Another group of these contemporary Jews will strictly adhere to these dietary laws when eating out yet when at home. They would observe none On the perseverance of the kosher, the Jewish family who the examinant members are embracing the utterly adhering to the judicial religion is divided into two major groups. These groups all agree and admit the fact that kosher should be kept alive and burning in their culture and day to day religious norms. However the conflict arises whereby one group believes that kosher should be kelp just as it is, a whole of it and continue in practices. While the other group feels kosher should only be kept considering some specific aspects. The traditional learning function that really advocates for the perseverance and observance of the utter kosher practices does so with their main reasons being: the desire to absolutely maintain this dietary practice in an authentic way with no modernizations whatsoever. Subsequently the faction advocating for the perseverance of particular parts of base their view on an opinion that there are various technological advancements hence some parts of this practice and food are made in these newly introduced and adopted forms. This faction argues that observance of kosher should be done in a non-binding way. This faction argues that observance of kosher should be done in non-binding way. This wing introduces ethical kosher as it is even patched in different part of the world. The faction therefore embraces as opinion that fitness of food is wholly dependent on how it is ethically; produced especially in relation to its impact on the people and the world as a whole. This faction is for the view that maintenance of kosher is basically for the companion and contrast to other cultures on dietary basis.

Hardy :: essays papers

Hardy A Question On Hardy: Where Did His Writings Come From Born into an agricultural community and untouched by industrialism, Thomas Hardy’s pessimism and determinism is what made his themes and styles stand out from other contemporary writers. According to Zabel, Schopenhaur inspired his pessimistic nature. Because of Schopenhaur’s influence, pessimism was the primary view of his writings. Zabel had also stated the driving force behind his works was majority influenced by Spinoza and his determinism. Hardy’s determinism is what made him categorize his characters and give a definitive plot to his works.(26) Thomas Hardy’s talent for writing and his offensive nature are what made him unique for his contemporary moment. He derived his thoughts from the unknown depths of his mind. Thomas Hardy’s writes always reflected his feeling at that moment in time. Whenever someone offered criticism on his work or gave a skeptical remark towards his work, he would somehow include them in whatever he was busy writing. Hardy’s ideal reflected his pessimistic way of being. According to Zabel Hardy’s temperament came from: â€Å"Conformist and skeptical tendencies; in his humanism of stoic acquiescence with gifted, Rebellious, or destructive aberrations from the human norm as against his sympathy with the rudimentary types and stable humors of the folk.† This affirms his belief in herd mentality being absolutely ridiculous. He insisted that an intellectual should have his own individualism and should be self-productive. Hardy tends to attack the public’s normality, usually laughing at their lack of character. His pessimistic nature is what shaped his humanistic views. His confidence and modest temper never suffered Schopenhaur’s exuberance. To challenge Hardy’s critics, he used them as characters with a permanent downfall. Hardy wrote with trial and error impressions. A trial and error impression is one where it is harder to find the true meaning behind the mask that Hardy puts over it. Hardy deliberately made his stories uncomprehendable to first time readers, â€Å"on first reading at least, nettles the sympathy, offers stumbling-blocks to attention, and is likely to make the suspension of disbelief a resentful ordeal.

Responding To The Wii Essay

Executive summary: Given the current market scenario, Sony will have to fight on both fronts. The Wii has unlocked a new segment of the market. Sony should adapt its strategy to address this new market. But Sony must not lose sight of the big picture, to win the long term race for the â€Å"center of the living room†. Sony should leverage its relation with game developers to introduce simpler games for the casual gamer. It has to keep targeting the hardcore gamer and it must continue to provide additional value as a single device for gaming, streaming movies and television, internet surfing, video conferencing etc. How attractive does the video game industry look in late 2008? By 2008, the industry situation has become intense, with four of Porter’s five forces showing high threat (See Exhibit 1 in Appendix). However, the industry does hold the promise that the winner will occupy the â€Å"center of the living room† position, could potentially create a stranglehold on the entire entertainment industry and could reap profits. Therefore, the stakes in this battle are high. Why did Nintendo delay introducing its 16 bit video game system? Nintendo delayed introducing its 16 bit video game system in order to avoid cannibalizing sales of the 8-bit NES. But competitors came up with new value propositions to take away market share. For example Sega employed the Judo strategy to garner market by introducing its 16-bit version, Genesis, while Nintendo was concentrating on the 8-bit market. Sony, with its PlayStation and PlayStation 2 product lines took this game further. They expanded the target customer base to include grown-ups by creating games fit for all ages and combining forces with game developers. Did Sega use any elements of Judo Strategy? Sega effectively implemented Judo strategy by preventing its strong competitor Nintendo to come at it with full strength. Sega attacked the pieces of the play with various small steps. It started with leveraging the 16-bit opportunity, and setting lower prices for its Genesis to that of Super NES. Then it introduced its popular version of Sonic, the Hedgehog. It also hurt Nintendo by luring in third party developers with its low royalty strategy and built up twice the number of titles Nintendo had. In 3 years  Sega Genesis took over the market. How did PlayStation and PlayStation 2 win in their respective generations? With the industry becoming attractive, Sony entered the market with its 32-bit icon product ‘Play Station’ targeting a larger and mature audience. Sony, contrary to its competitors built up on the outsourcing strategy, by allowing developers more freedom, tools and income. Despite lagging on software titles, it was unstoppable in the hardware segment overpowering Sega. As leader of the industry, Sony launched its Play station 2 at 128-bit gearing up for the next revolution. Why did Microsoft get into the game? With the console games becoming attractive and multi capable compared to PC games, the PC giant Microsoft was concerned if the console platform takes over the PC platform. So it entered the video game console business with Xbox as a bet against Sony’s Play station. It was hoping to become successful in the video game business as it has been in the PC software business. Surprisingly the same recipes didn’t cook well with the developers in this segment and Sony took over the throne by 2005. How was Nintendo able to regain the lead in videogames? With Microsoft and Xbox as strong contenders in the field, Nintendo was gearing up for the launch of its next generation console. While Microsoft was trying to leverage the early release of Xbox 360, Sony was dealing with its internal technicalities. Both the competitors had incorporated superior technological features in to their products. While Xbox had Digital Amplification, Play station had the most powerful console. The technology prowess was so much that the products were HD-DVD and Blu-ray compatible and had online gaming features. On the other hand, Nintendo’s machine was less advanced across all features of processing, compatibility, sound and memory. However, Nintendo could made Wii special with its user friendliness and targeted a larger audience of not avid gamers. Its innovative motion sensitivity and customizable features helped Wii overtake its rivals by 2008. Despite its low performing hardware or performance, it was its reachability to the large customer segment that generated its value proposition. What should Sony do now? Sony should work with game developers to create simple games that target the Wii’s audience. However, Sony’s gaming console should still be high tech to maintain its hold on the hard core gamer. Sony should market the new PlayStation line as a value add product that is the one stop source for the entire family’s entertainment needs. This way, Sony can counter Wii’s threat while also staying in the long term race for the â€Å"center of the living room† position. This position is essential for thwarting Microsoft’s plan of creating a stranglehold on the entire entertainment industry by being the electronic platform of choice in the home.

Early Brain Development and Learning

It is not commonly known that the brain is 90% developed by age five. Most people believe that at age five children are just starting to learn. In fact, the brain absorbs more from birth to age five rather than from age five on. Parents and family can do many things to aid in the development of a baby’s brain, ultimately assisting in their learning. The sequence and rate at which the brain develops predicts the optimal times for a baby to learn. Sequence and rate is measured by milestones that a baby may reach by a certain age. Experiences are one thing that helps promote brain development. Our five senses give us these experiences. How in the first few years of life do we develop into the complex people we are today? We will look at how nature versus nurture; sensory perception; positive and negative experiences and both our social and physical environment contribute to and develop everything about whom we are as individuals. The brain is influenced in many different ways. The most important factors in brain development start with genetics, nutrition, and responsiveness from parents, daily experiences, and physical interactions. Parents need to know that children are learning and accepting more information that a fully grown adult. Children need positive and sensitive feedback from family. In the past, scientist believed that the human brains development was determined by a biologically determined path (Brotherson, 2005). This means that the brain would develop genetically through family, but leading technology and science proved that the brain is not predetermined genetically by family. The brain matures through the five senses: smell, touch, vision, taste, and hearing. The experiences that the five senses bring are very crucial to help build the connections that guide brain development. The importance of the parents understanding of the first few years of his or her child’s life is extremely important. As Titzer, P. H. D, (2008) uses a computer metaphor to explain brain development he put it this way â€Å"Your baby’s brain could be thought of as a highly responsive, self-programming computer. For the first few years, the hardware is still coming together – a baby is not a finished product, but a growing, developing individual, complete with organic â€Å"circuitry† – the central nervous system† (p. ). The brain will absorb more with more stimulation. At an earlier age stimulation for the brain circuitry is at its best. This will cause the brain circuitry to develop more effectively. The main function of the brain in the first three years of life is to create and support connections between neurons. The con nections are referred to as synapses. Synapses could be envisioned as the limbs on the tree. Imagine a large family tree with its trunk as the original lineage. Then the main branches are the families as they grow and have children. Neurons are like the trunk and the main branches of the tree. The number of neurons a baby is born with remains constant in the first three years of life. Synapses (all those years of lineage on the family tree) are all the little twigs and branches that come off the main trunk. In the first three years of life our brains synapses increase to a number in the hundreds of trillions. However, after age three the number of synapses begins to slow until age 10. During this period there are more synapses created than needed. A person creates more synapses than needed and the â€Å"use it or lose it† theory applies to all the unused synapses. The synapses being used the most, meaning the circuits that transfer information the most become permanent to the brain. The synapses not used are lost in a process called pruning. In fact, the ability to see light is lost if the eyes are not exposed to light within the first three weeks of life, hence â€Å"use it or lose it† theory (Hawley, 2003). This will happen because the synapses that can see light will be lost because they will not have been used. That is why we want to give our children as much experience socially and with learning as possible. With this kind of experience these synapses will become permanent. Brotherson (2005) describes a baby’s brain at this point like a â€Å"†super sponge† absorbing everything given to it (para. 4) The first three years are the most sensitive for learning and development (Gable & Huntington, 2001). The brain takes in these experiences through our five senses. According to Gable & Huntington (2001) â€Å"an infant’s social, emotional, cognitive, physical and language development are stimulated during multisensory experiences† (para. 12) During these first few years of life is most rapid growth period for the brain. At birth the brain is 25% developed, at six months it is 50% developed , at 30 months 75% developed and at age five it is already 90% developed. There have been many optimal opportunities for parents to teach their children many things from birth to this point already. Children at the age of two have been known to read at the reading level of a fifth grader because they were taught at the â€Å"prime time. † Acquiring the knowledge of how a baby’s brain develops and what can be done to influence it in a positive way can make a world of difference for a child. A positive influence during this critical period is very crucial. Let us take a look at nature versus nurture; sensory perception; positive and negative experiences and both our social and physical environment contribute to and develop everything about who we are as individuals. Take the study of nature, for example, our individual innate qualities versus nurture, and our personal experiences. As evidences by the recent Human Genome Project, it is currently believed that there is much more nurture than nature in the result of each of us. With this, how does nurture become nature? Let us look at the example of ‘perfect pitch’ to show the relationship between genetics and environment. This is an example of how† heredity and environment can interact† (Davies, 2001, para. 3). Davies (2003) describes perfect pitch as â€Å"The ability to recognize the absolute pitch of musical tone without any reference note. People with perfect pitch often have relatives with the same gift and research show this is a highly inherited gift, possibly the result of a single gene. However, studies also demonstrate a requirement for early musical training (before age 6) to manifest perfect pitch. Many personality and behavioral traits will not be exclusively the result of nature or nurture, but rather an inextricable combination of both† (para. 5). _ Nature versus nurture and the role that heredity and environment have in human development indicates that with almost all biological and psychological traits genes and environment work together in communication back and forth to create us as individuals . No one questions it; this is the ying and the yang, the Adam and Eve, the Mom and Pop of pop psychology and genealogy. Nature and Nurture is what made us what we are today and will determine what our children will be tomorrow. I have heard the expression that life is all about perception. We all know people who are positive and those who are negative. And each of us has either an optimistic or pessimistic personality. How we perceive the world around us is i nherently a matter of our sensory perception of the world and largely that done in the first several years of life. We have many senses but we most often refer to the five senses of sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste. We are born with the need for a multisensory environment. Research shows that interactions that are associated with many of emotion are more â€Å"readily remembered and recalled†_ __(Gable & Huntington, 2001, para. 17)_. With this, it is proven that with a multisensory environment we develop out temperament and emotions during an early the early stages of life. Developmental milestones are certain things that a child should be able to do by a certain age range. A child’s doctor will use these milestones to assess the development of a child in the area of his/her gross motor, fine motor, language, cognitive, and social skills. Even though each milestone has an age range, each child is different and unique so the age can vary significantly. One child may start to walk as early as seven months old and another child may not begin to walk until 16 months old and both would be considered normal. They both would be within the normal age range. In conclusion, we have looked at how genetics and environment in early brain development occurs as well as the importance of multiple sensory experiences, positive interactions, and social and physical stimulation in early development of a variety of cognitive and behavioral skills. It was briefly discussed that there are many interventions and treatments for improvement in many areas of interrupted brain development due to early childhood trauma, stress, and neglect with appropriate intervention. Many agencies today focus on education for parents and caregivers to ensure a more positive and educational experience for the early brain development. References Brotherson, Gable,S. & Hunting, M. (2001). Nature, Nurture and Early Brain Development. Retrieved from http://extension. missouri. edu/publications/DisplayPub. aspx? P=GH6115 Hawley, T. (2003). Starting Smart. How Early Experiences Affect Brain Development. Titzer, R. Ph. D. (2008). Your Baby Can Read. Carlsbad, Ca

Biblical Judaism essays

Biblical Judaism essays The Hasmonean dynasty can be considered to be a turning point in the history of the biblical Jewish ancient state. It represented the time in history that marked two important moments in the Jewish culture: on the one hand, the end of the Maccabean Wars, and on the other hand, the start of the Roman rule over Palestine. The most important contribution of the reign of the Hasmonean dynasty was the period of development for the Jewish people. One of the most visible changes that took place at the time was the territorial expansion of the state. In this sense, The policy of conquest carried out by the Hasmoneans led to a major expansion of Jewish territory, achieved by expulsion and dispossession of non-Jewish population groups. In principle, these new territories became the property of the ruler, that is, the reigning family, just as was the case under the Hellenistic monarchies (Schfer, 2003). From this point of view it can be said that the dynasty played an important role in establishing the Jews as a unitary group on a definite territory. Another major role played by the dynasty was in the creation of a standing army of the Jewish state. With the use of mercenaries as part of their army, this allowed them to be in better control of their land and territory, both to protect him from outside threats, as well as to maintain its unity in the face of internal threats. Also during the Hasmonean Dynasty, the political scene changed as the Pharisees became an ever increasing force. Thus, while under Alexander Jannaeus, the Pharisees were subjected to outright persecution, under Jannaeus' successor, Salome Alexandra, they apparently rose to become the dominant party in the state (Schfer, 2003). Afterwards, new parties, that of the Zealots also emerged. However, the start for a certain type of political life became fully visible during the Harmonean Dynasty and from this point of view, it represents one of t...

Banking System and Macroeconomic Effects †MyAssignmenthelp

Crypto currencies are forms of digital currency. These currencies use encryption techniques in order to regulate the generation of currency units. Bitcoin is one such crypto currency. Crypto currency is not yet considered as a legal tender in most countries. In fact, at present most of the central banks of the world are putting efforts to ban the trade of crypto currencies. Over the last few years, certain crypto currencies like Bitcoin have garnered immense attention from across different traders owing to their volatile nature. Bitcoin was introduced in the year 2009. The currency is traded without a middleman and with zero bank involvement. It is a peer to peer network through which this currency is traded and transactions are made directly to the parties. Bit coin can be used to trade in goods and services, some use it as a form of investment and some are using it for making payment of businesses (Popper, N., 2015). However, most countries have yet not accepted it as a legal payme nt methodology. It is similar to digital cash transaction as Bitcoin can also be sent through mobile applications and puters. Bitcoin is stored in a digital wallet. These wallets are used as a virtual bank account that allows users to save, send and receive their payments. These wallets are not recognised by the FDIC as methods of paying for goods or services. Bitcoin works as a medium of exchange for goods and services in four countries at the moment which are Japan, Canada, Germany and Holland. Bitcoin is considered to be a form of currency as it can be stored for future investments (Forrester and Solomon, 2013). Bitcoin investment of an individual can also reflect upon the purchasing power of consumer. Consumer have the option to buy the currency, hold it in their accounts or book profits as they deem profitable depending upon the volatility in the market (Bit coin, 2018). Merchants who accept Bit coin as a payment can convert it into standard currency that is in Dollars, Euros etc. Bitcoin has some advantages as it introduces a new payment mechanism; tipping system, automated payment solution, time locked payment management, public asset tracking, low trust escrow services, micro payment channels and more such facilities (Bit coin, 2018). Another advantage of Bitcoin is that its high volatility in the currency market makes it a ‘high risk and high return’ asset. Pegging any currency against the dollar refers to the act of fixing the currency value with respect to the value of Dollar. In other words we can say that the value of US dollar against the other currency is fixed and will not move irrespective of how the market functions. The process of pegging currency with US dollar is often conducted in oil extracting countries as US is the largest importer of oil. GCC economies are the third largest economy. The growth of this economy is highly dependent on selling oil (The Economist, 2018). By pegging the GCC against Dollar has several advantages and disadvantages. Pegging of currency eliminates the risk of currency fluctuations and the risks associated with it. This provides stability to the currency in the international currency market. Pegging encourages the regional currency valuation as the dollar is considered to be the standard currency and by pegging with dollar, currency of other country does not fluctuate (Brooking, 2018). In countries like Saudi Arabia and Venezuela pegging with US dollar has been done in order to protect the countries from the risk of currency fluctuations because US is the major importer for oil. Various countries opt for pegging in order to increase external trade in the country. As external trade increases, the GDP of the country also increases. When pegging of a currency is done to a higher value currency then the value of the country enhances in the public opinion making it an attractive destination to invest. Therefore investment b es easier in that country. This process also protect country from speculation Pegging also gives freedom to set rules and economic policies, interest rates and help to control inflation in the country. Therefore countries must peg their currencies to dollar in order to limit their risks. If a country currency is pegged with the US dollar then the country can take more loan as it will have a more stable environment and economy. Pegging also helps in getting better deals for international loans and interest rates provided the economy’s inflation is in control. The loan taken in the dollar value is harder to pay off because dollar has the high value as pared to the other currency. Therefore in the longer run, pegging would result in rising cost of capital and increased import prices (Espinoza and Prasad, 2010).   The country which pegs it’s currency with the USD has to maintain a high reserve of dollars. It means central bank of that country has to hold a high amount of reserves in US dollars (Financial Times, 2018). Holding of foreign currency reserve (dollar) indulges a cost which adversely affects the economy. Pegging also leads to an increase in inflation. Growth and development of a country is dependent on the performance of dollar. Monetary policies are restricted in every country and are wholly dependent on the performance of the currency to which the currency is pegged. Similarly in the case of US dollar and countries pegged with it, it means that if the value of US dollar falls the currency of other country will also fall and vice versa. Bitcoin, 2018. ‘Bit coin for developers’. [Online]. Available at:   https://Bit coin.org/en/Bit coin-for-developers [ACCESSED ON 30 th march 2018] Bitcoin, 2018. ‘Bit coin for individual’. [Online]. Available at:   https://Bit coin.org/en/Bit coin-for-individuals. [ACCESSED ON 30 th march 2018] Brooking, (2018). ‘Sustaining the GCC currency pegs: The need for collaboration’. [Online]. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/research/sustaining-the-gcc-currency-pegs-the-need-for-collaboration/. [ACCESSED ON 31 th march 2018] Espinoza, R.A. and Prasad, A., 2010.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœNonperforming loans in the GCC banking system and their macroeconomic effects (No. 10-224)’. International Monetary Fund. Financial Times, 2018. ‘Gulf’s dollar peg makes sense’. [Online]. Available at:   https://www.eiu /industry/article/1725886356/will-the-gulf-co-operation-council-currency-pegs-survive/2017-09-13. [ACCESSED ON 31th march 2018] Forrester, D. and Solomon, M., 2013.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœBitcoin explained: Today's plete guide to tomorrow's currency’. CreateSpace Independent publishing platform. Popper, N., 2015.  Digital gold: Bitcoin and the inside story of the misfits and millionaires trying to reinvent money  (pp. 156-197). New York: Harper. Tanha, H. and Dempsey, M., 2017. Derivatives usage in emerging markets following the GFC: Evidence from the GCC countries.  Emerging Markets Finance and Trade,  53(1), pp.170-179. The Economist, 2018. ‘Financial Services’. [Online]. Available at:   https://www.eiu /industry/article/1725886356/will-the-gulf-co-operation-council-currency-pegs-survive/2017-09-13. [ACCESSED ON 30 th march 2018]. The National, 2018. ‘Why GCC states should ditch the dollar peg and switch to a currency basket’. [Online]. Available at: https://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/why-gcc-states-should-ditch-the-dollar-peg-and-switch-to-a-currency-basket-1.700668. [ACCESSED ON 31 th march 2018]

The last financial crisis 2007-2009 has many implication on different Term Paper

The last financial crisis 2007-2009 has many implication on different markets , however there are some arguments that the gulf a - Term Paper Example Granting of loans in an uncontrolled manner, which resulted in the value of the loan exceeding that of the assets, was the root of the problem. These loans were provided to the borrowers without conducting a minimum check on their credit-worthiness. The result was that many of the borrowers failed to pay their loans back, which clearly reflected the financial status of the institutions and their inability to pay their obligations, thereby resulting into collapse. This paper investigates the severity of the impact on the GCC market. In this context, the financial market of the GCC countries has been considered along with special attention towards Qatar. The study revealed that the severity of the impact was not as huge as compared to the rest of the world. This can be due to the fact that the policy makers of GCC countries took ardent steps to mitigate the risk. Moreover, the Qatari economy did not get much affected and the banks were declared solvent in that time. However, the real e state business was seen to experience huge hit by the credit crunch. 1. Introduction In the year 2008 and 2009, the global economy was rocked by the financial crisis which was considered as the most devastating economic event, after the Great Depression in 1930s. The aftermath of this global crisis was felt in every part of the world. The global crisis was initiated by the low interest rate regime along with huge inflow of foreign funds that led to the housing construction boom and encouraged large consumption of debt-financing in USA. The Federal Government of United States made it possible for almost everyone to own a home by giving 1 percent rate on the mortgages. The loans that included the mortgages were given to almost everybody without checking the credit worthiness of the borrowers (Sivakumar and Krishnaswami, 2012). With the decline in the housing prices, the major financial institutions, which were involved in borrowing for investing in the subprime MBS, had reported signi ficant loss. This decrease in the price also resulted in a fall in the prices of the homes that worth less than the mortgage loans, which incentivised financially the entry towards the foreclosure. Towards the end of 2008, the crisis peaked. Several banks and other financial institutions of Europe and USA failed as a result of this crisis and governments were trying hard to save these institutions by bailing them out (Kasekende, Ndikumana and Rajhi, 2009; Anon., 2009). The crisis started propagating beyond its epicentre, thereby affecting not only the advanced economy, but also the emerging economies and the rich Arab GCC countries. This paper aims to analyse the degree of impact on the GCC countries. In this context, the paper will specially analyse the situation in Qatar and other GCC countries. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Evolvement and Concept of Global Financial Crisis The term financial crisis refers to the sudden reduction in the price of the assets, which can be financial, such as, bonds and shares and can even be materials like, equipments and machinery. This sudden reduction can result from the price bubble which indicates an abrupt and huge increase in the prices ending in a sudden collapse. Moreover, the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, the giant financial institu